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Reading a map

A paper map never runs out of battery, and knowing how to read one turns a confusing landscape into something you can plan around. A few minutes of practice at home makes it far easier when it counts.

Start with the key

Every map has a key, or legend, usually in the margin. It explains what each symbol and colour means: paths, tracks, roads, buildings, woods, marsh, cliffs and water. Spend a moment with it before you set off, because symbols differ between map makers.

Set the map

A map is easiest to read when it lines up with the ground around you. This is called setting, or orienting, the map.

1. Find something you can see and also find on the map — a road, river, lake or hilltop.
2. Turn the map until that feature on the map points the same way as the real one.
3. Check a second feature to be sure.
4. With a compass, turn the map until north on the map points the same way as the needle.

Keep the map set as you walk. Turn yourself, not the map, so left on the map stays left on the ground.

Contour lines show the shape of the land

Contour lines join points of the same height. They are usually brown or orange.

• Lines close together mean steep ground. Lines far apart mean gentle slopes.
• Closed rings that get smaller show a hill or summit.
• V or U shapes pointing uphill usually show a valley or stream. Pointing downhill, they show a spur or ridge.
• Numbers on the lines give the height, normally in metres.

Learning to picture the land from contours helps you spot steep climbs, hidden valleys and safe routes before you reach them.

Grid lines and grid references

Most walking maps have a grid of squares. Each square often covers one kilometre, but check the margin. A grid reference lets you describe a spot precisely: read the number along the bottom first, then the number up the side. A simple way to remember it is "along the corridor, then up the stairs".

Keep track as you go

• Tick off features as you pass them: a stream crossing, a bend in the path, a junction.
• Fold the map so your current area is showing and keep it in a clear bag in wet weather.
• Hold your thumb next to where you are, and move it as you walk.

The app's offline maps show the same features, and you can drop a waypoint at key junctions. Carry a paper map as well, so you have a backup if the phone fails.

This article is in the Grid Survivor app, searchable with no signal. Get the app · £4.99