Guide · First aid

Shock

Shock is a life-threatening condition where not enough blood reaches the vital organs. It is often caused by heavy bleeding, severe burns, severe allergic reactions, dehydration or heart problems. It is different from emotional shock. Call your local emergency number (112 in Europe and many other countries, 911 in North America) if you think someone is in shock.

Signs

Pale, grey or blue-tinged skin, especially the lips
Cold, clammy skin and sweating
Fast, weak pulse
Fast, shallow breathing
Feeling weak, dizzy, sick or thirsty
Anxiety, restlessness, confusion or drowsiness
Eventually, collapse

What to do

Treat the cause. Stop any bleeding with firm pressure, cool burns, and use an auto-injector for anaphylaxis.
Lay them down. If their injuries allow, raise their legs about 30 cm with a pack or coat underneath. Don't raise the legs if you suspect broken legs, hips or a spinal injury.
If breathing is difficult, let them sit in the position they find most comfortable instead.
Keep them warm. Put a coat or blanket under and over them. Don't use direct heat such as hot water bottles.
Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest and waist.
Reassure them. Stay calm, talk to them and keep them still.
Give nothing to eat or drink. They may need an operation. If they are very thirsty, wet their lips.
Keep checking their breathing, pulse and how alert they are, and note any changes for rescuers.

If their condition worsens

If they become unresponsive but are breathing normally, put them in the recovery position.
If they stop breathing normally, start CPR.

Don't

Let them walk around or get up suddenly
Leave them alone unless you must go for help
Give alcohol or cigarettes

Shock can develop slowly, so watch anyone who has had a serious injury, even if they seem fine at first.

This guide does not replace a first-aid course. A few hours of hands-on practice will make you far more confident when it matters.

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